SPECIAL HORMONES



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The word hormone comes from the greek όρμάω or " put in motion" , and indicates a chemical messenger that transmits signals from a cell or group of cells to another cell or group of cells.
This substance produced by an organism has the task of modulating the metabolism and / or the activity of tissues and organs. Hormones are produced by endocrine glands , which make up the endocrine system, which will pour in body fluids .

The hormones then are substances that are released into the blood stream to reach the cells, tissues and organs, other than those of origin. The hormones are recognized and captured by molecules located in different organs and tissues, called receptors . Once the receptor has bound hormone , the hormone was carrying the message that is delivered to the target cell that gives rise to a particular functional activity


The regulation of hormones

The levels of hormones are regulated by the central nervous system , which receives signals from many internal and external sensors (eg warning signs ) , and in response to these signals , stimulates the endocrine glands of the body to synthesize the hormones appropriate . The region of the brain that regulates hormone levels is the hypothalamus, which is stimulated by these signals from the environment to produce specific hormones called releasing factors , which , reaching the anterior pituitary , stimulates it to produce another type of hormones, tropine . The tropine activate the endocrine glands , stimulating them to produce hormones specified and appropriate to the situation .


The hormones can act in two ways:
  • hormones ( amine and peptide ) that bind to specific receptors present in the cytoplasmic membrane of the target cell , which cause the activation of a specific intracellular membrane protein which in turn activates an enzyme that synthesizes a second intracellular messenger which starts its once an enzyme cascade that amplifies the signal , modifying the metabolism of the cell.
  • hormones (steroids , retinoids, thyroid ) that enter the cell and bind to nuclear receptors ; the hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus to alter gene expression by activating accordingly the synthesis of proteins that regulate metabolism .  


Hormones depending on their secretion can be classified as :
  
  • endocrine hormones : secreted into the blood, are transported through the bloodstream to target cells .
  • paracrine hormone : secreted into the extracellular space and the target cell is placed close to the area
  • releasedautocrine hormones : they have the same cell as the target cell that secreted them . 
 

The hormones are classified , according to the structure , into three groups :
  
  • peptide hormones
  • steroid hormones
  • hormones derived from amino acids 

Peptide Hormones

 Are of hormones consisting of oligopeptides or proteins. Are synthesized in the form of preormoni and only become active after a subsequent modification . Among the hormones of nature protidica : insulin, produced by cells of the pancreas , which is an important release factor that goes to act on the pituitary to release hormone (TSH ) , which in turn goes to act on thyroid.


Steroid hormones

Hormones are lipid and derive from a common precursor which is cholesterol . Steroid hormones form a group of lipophilic hormones that act on the metabolism , growth and reproduction. They also travel in the circulatory flow , transported by special proteins that are called carriers.


Among the steroid hormones :

androgens
among the most popular testosterone is produced in most of the testis and adrenal glands in humans. In women it is produced in small amounts by the theca cells and adrenal glands . The androsterone produced by the ovary. Both are important for the determination of the sex characteristics and the consequent behavior. 
estrogen
Among the most important is the estradiol produced by the ovaries , important for the accumulation of fatty acids and for the process of vitellogenesis .
progestins
Among the most important is the progesterone produced by the ovaries and placenta .     


Hormones derived from amino acids

Are chemical compounds derived from the modification of amino acids. Examples are catecholamines and thyroid hormones ( thyroxine and triiodothyronine ) arising dall'aminoacido tyrosine, tryptophan and serotonin resulting from histamine resulting dall'aminoacido histidinehormoneshormones  
  


Endocrine dysfunction :


Endocrine disorders can be grouped into four broad categories: excessive hormone production
hormone production deficit
altered tissue response to hormones
neoplasms of the endocrine glands


Taking hormones :

Taking hormones should be advised and supervised by a physician. We do not recommend any DIY intake , which could cause serious physiological and organic .



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